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Hōʻike nā kuʻuna hana ipu lepo i ke ʻano hana socioeconomic o nā moʻomeheu i hala, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ipu lepo e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano o ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me nā kaʻina hana o ka launa pū ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana a me nā ʻepekema honua ma ʻaneʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ke kumu, ke koho ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea maka. ʻO ke Aupuni o Kongo, i kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmālima, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mokuʻāina ex-colonial kaulana loa ma ʻApelika Waena. ʻOiai nui ka noiʻi mōʻaukala e hilinaʻi ana i nā moʻolelo waha a kākau ʻia o ʻApelika a me ʻEulopa, aia nō nā hakahaka nui i ko mākou ʻike o kēia ʻāpana politika. Maanei mākou e hāʻawi ai i nā ʻike hou i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ipu lepo ma ke Aupuni o Kongo. Ke hana nei i nā ʻano loiloi he nui ma nā laʻana i koho ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo XRD, TGA, ka nānā ʻana o ka petrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS a me ICP-MS, ua hoʻoholo mākou i kā lākou mau ʻano petrographic, mineralogical a me geochemical. ʻAe kā mākou mau hopena iā mākou e hoʻopili i nā mea archaeological me nā mea kūlohelohe a hoʻokumu i nā kuʻuna keramika. Ua ʻike mākou i nā template hana, nā ʻano hoʻololi, ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me nā kaʻina hana launa pū ʻana o nā waiwai maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike loea. Hōʻike kā mākou mau ʻike he hopena pololei ka centralization politika ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lower Congo o ʻApelika Waena i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ipu lepo. Mākou lana ka manaʻo e hāʻawi kā mākou noiʻi i kahi kumu maikaʻi no nā haʻawina hoʻohālikelike hou aʻe e hoʻomālamalama i kēia ʻāina.
ʻO ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ipu lepo he hana nui ia ma nā moʻomeheu he nui, a ʻo kona ʻano socio-political ua loaʻa ka hopena nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hana ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i kēia mau mea1,2. I loko o kēia ʻōnaehana, hiki i ka noiʻi keramika ke hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i nā kaiāulu i hala3,4. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā keramika archaeological, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i ko lākou mau waiwai i nā kuʻuna keramika kikoʻī a me nā ʻano hana ma hope1,4,5. E like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia e Matson6, ma muli o ka ecology keramika, pili ke koho ʻana o nā mea maka i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. Eia kekahi, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā haʻawina hihia ethnographic like ʻole, ʻo Whitbread2 e pili ana i kahi 84% o ka hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā kumuwaiwai i loko o kahi radius 7km o ke kumu keramika, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi 80% hiki i loko o kahi radius 3km ma ʻApelika7. Eia naʻe, he mea nui e pale ʻole i ka hilinaʻi o nā hui hana i nā mea loea2,3. Hiki ke noiʻi ʻia nā koho ʻenehana ma ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pilina ma waena o nā mea, nā ʻenehana a me ka ʻike loea3,8,9. Hiki i kahi ʻano o ia mau koho ke wehewehe i kahi kuʻuna keramika kikoʻī. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka archaeology i loko o ka noiʻi ua hāʻawi nui i kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i nā kaiāulu i hala3,10,11,12.Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana multi-analytical ke hoʻoponopono i nā nīnau e pili ana i nā pae āpau i komo i nā hana kaulahao, e like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka, ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hana ʻana3,10,11,12.
Ke kālele nei ke aʻo ʻana i ke Aupuni o Kongo, kekahi o nā politika koʻikoʻi loa e hoʻomohala ma ʻApelika Waena. Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ke aupuni hou, ua loaʻa iā ʻApelika Waena kahi mosaic socio-political paʻakikī i hōʻailona ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa moʻomeheu a me ka politika nui, me nā ʻano mai nā ʻāpana politika liʻiliʻi a ʻāpana i nā ʻāpana politika paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi13,14,15. Ma kēia ʻano socio-political, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke Aupuni o Kongo i ke kenekulia 14 e ʻekolu mau hui pili 16, 17. I kona wā kiʻekiʻe, ua uhi ʻia kahi ʻāina e like me ka ʻāina ma waena o ka Moana ʻAkelanika ma ke komohana o ka Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) o kēia manawa a me ka muliwai ʻo Cuango ma ka hikina, a me ka ʻāina o ka ʻākau ʻo Angola i kēia lā. Latitude o Luanda. Ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina ākea i kona wā kiʻekiʻe a ua ʻike i kahi ulu ʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ke kikowaena a hiki i ka 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 o ke kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu. ʻO ka stratification social, kahi kālā maʻamau, ka ʻauhau nā ʻōnaehana, nā hoʻokaʻawale hana kikoʻī, a me ke kālepa kauā18, 19 e hōʻike ana i ke kumu hoʻohālike o Earle no ka hoʻokele waiwai politika22. Mai kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke Aupuni o Kongo, a mai 1483 aku ua hoʻokumu i nā pilina ikaika me ʻEulopa, a ma kēia ʻano ua komo i ke kālepa ʻAkelanika 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī E ʻike i ka Hoʻohui 1) no ka ʻike mōʻaukala.
Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano hana o nā mea hana a me nā ʻepekema honua i nā mea hana keramika mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological ma ke Aupuni o Kongo, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ʻeli ʻana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Mbanza Kongo ma Angola a me Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo (Kiʻi 1) (e ʻike i ka Papa Hoʻohui 1). 2 ma ka ʻikepili archaeological). ʻO Mbanza Congo, i kākau ʻia ma ka UNESCO World Heritage List, aia ma ka moku ʻo Mpemba o ke aupuni kahiko. Aia ma kahi pāpū waena ma ke kihi o nā ala kālepa koʻikoʻi loa, ʻo ia ke kapikala politika a me ka hoʻokele o ke aupuni a me ka noho aliʻi o ka mōʻī. Aia ʻo Kindoki lāua ʻo Ngongo Mbata ma nā panalāʻau ʻo Nsundi lāua ʻo Mbata, kēlā me kēia, kahi paha i lilo i ʻāpana o nā aupuni ʻehiku o Kongo dia Nlaza ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke aupuni - kekahi o nā polities i hui pū ʻia28,29. Ua hoʻokani lāua ʻelua i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni17. Aia nā wahi archaeological o Kindoki lāua ʻo Ngongo Mbata ma ke awāwa ʻo Inkisi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke aupuni a ʻo ia kekahi o nā wahi mua i lanakila ʻia e nā kūpuna hoʻokumu o ke aupuni. ʻO Mbanza Nsundi, ke kapikala panalāʻau me nā wahi neoneo o Jindoki, ua noho aliʻi mau ʻia e nā hope o nā mōʻī Congolese ma hope 17, 18, 30. Aia ka panalāʻau ʻo Mbata ma kahi nui 31 hikina o ka muliwai ʻo Inkisi. Loaʻa i nā luna o Mbata (a i kekahi ʻano ʻo Soyo) ka pono mōʻaukala o ka lilo ʻana i poʻe wale nō i koho ʻia mai ka poʻe aliʻi kūloko ma o ka hoʻoilina, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​panalāʻau ʻē aʻe kahi i koho ʻia ai nā luna e ka ʻohana aliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o ka wai 18,26. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia ke kapikala panalāʻau o Mbata, ua hoʻokani ʻo Ngongo Mbata i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ke kenekulia 17. Ma muli o kona kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ka pūnaewele kālepa, ua hāʻawi ʻo Ngongo Mbata i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka panalāʻau ma ke ʻano he mākeke kālepa koʻikoʻi16,17,18,26,31,32.
ʻO ke Aupuni o Kongo a me kona mau panalāʻau nui ʻeono (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) i nā kenekulia ʻumikumamāono a me ʻumikumamāhiku. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā wahi ʻekolu i kūkākūkā ʻia ma kēia haʻawina (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata) ma ka palapala ʻāina.
A hiki i hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻike archaeological o ke Aupuni o Kongo33. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻike i ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni e pili ana i nā kuʻuna waha kūloko a me nā kumu kākau mai ʻApelika a me ʻEulopa16,17. ʻO ke kaʻina manawa ma ka ʻāina ʻo Kongo ua ʻāpana ʻia a piha ʻole ma muli o ka nele o nā haʻawina archaeological ʻōnaehana34. ʻO nā ʻeli archaeological mai ka makahiki 2011 ua manaʻo e hoʻopiha i kēia mau hakahaka a ua hōʻike i nā hale koʻikoʻi, nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā mea hana. Ma waena o kēia mau ʻike, ʻo nā ipotshards ka mea nui loa29,30,31,32,35,36. E pili ana i ka Iron Age ma Central Africa, he mea kakaikahi loa nā papahana archaeological e like me kēia manawa37,38.
Ke hōʻike nei mākou i nā hopena o nā loiloi mineralogy, geochemical a me petrological o kahi hui o nā ʻāpana ipu lepo mai ʻekolu mau wahi i ʻeli ʻia o ke Aupuni o Kongo (e ʻike i ka ʻikepili archaeological ma Supplementary Material 2). No nā laʻana ʻehā ʻano ipu lepo (Fig. 2), hoʻokahi mai ka Jindoji Formation a ʻekolu mai ka King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Ua hoʻi ka Kindoki Group i ka wā mua o ke Aupuni (14 a waena o ke kenekulia 15). No nā wahi i kūkākūkā ʻia ma kēia haʻawina, ʻo Kindoki (n = 31) wale nō kahi i hōʻike i ka hui ʻana o Kindoki 30, 35. ʻEkolu ʻano o nā Hui Kongo - ʻAno A, ʻAno C, a me ʻAno D - mai ke aupuni hope (16-18 kenekulia) a aia i ka manawa like ma nā wahi archaeological ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia ma aneʻi 30, 31, 35. ʻO nā ipu Kongo ʻAno C he mau ipu kuke i nui ma nā wahi ʻekolu 35. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pā Kongo A-type ma ke ʻano he pā lawelawe, i hōʻike ʻia e kekahi mau ʻāpana wale nō 30, 31, 35. Pono e hoʻohana wale ʻia nā keramika ʻano Kongo D no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home - ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko o nā hale kupapaʻu a hiki i kēia lā - a pili pū me kahi hui elite kikoʻī o nā mea hoʻohana30,31,35. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻāpana o lākou i nā helu liʻiliʻi wale nō. Ua hōʻike nā ipu ʻano A a me D i nā hoʻolaha like ʻana ma nā wahi ʻo Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata30,31. Ma Ngongo Mbata, a hiki i kēia manawa, aia he 37,013 mau ʻāpana Kongo ʻAno C, nona wale nō he 193 mau ʻāpana Kongo ʻAno A a me 168 mau ʻāpana Kongo ʻAno D31.
Nā kiʻi o nā hui ʻano ʻehā o nā ipu lepo o ke Aupuni Kongo i kūkākūkā ʻia ma kēia haʻawina (Kindoki Group a me Kongo Group: ʻAno A, C, a me D); he hōʻike kiʻi o ko lākou helehelena ma kēlā me kēia wahi archaeological ʻo Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy me ka Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) a me Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) e hoʻoponopono i nā nīnau e pili ana i nā kumu kūpono o nā mea maka a me nā ʻano hana hana. ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu ka ʻike ʻana i nā kuʻuna keramika a hoʻopili iā lākou i kekahi mau ʻano hana hana, no laila e hāʻawi ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona hou i ka hoʻonohonoho kaiāulu o kekahi o nā hui politika koʻikoʻi ma Central Africa.
He mea paʻakikī loa ka hihia o ke Aupuni o Kongo no nā haʻawina kumu ma muli o ke ʻano like ʻole a me ke kikoʻī o ka hōʻike geological kūloko (Kiʻi 3). Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka geology kūloko ma ke alo o nā ʻano sedimentary geological a me nā metamorphic i ʻike ʻia ʻo Western Congo Supergroup. Ma ke ʻano o lalo-i luna, hoʻomaka ka ʻano me nā ʻano quartzite-claystone rhythmically alternating i ka Sansikwa Formation, ukali ʻia e ka Haut Shiloango Formation, i hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o nā stromatolite carbonates, a ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo, ua ʻike ʻia nā cell honua silica Diatomaceous kokoke i lalo a me luna o ka hui. ʻO ka Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group kahi hui carbonate-argillite me kekahi mineralization Cu-Pb-Zn. Hōʻike kēia ʻano geological i kahi hana maʻamau ma o ka diagenesis nāwaliwali o ka pālolo magnesia a i ʻole ka hoʻololi iki ʻana o ka dolomite hana talc. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ke alo o nā kumu mineral calcium a me talc. Uhi ʻia ka ʻāpana e ka Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group i haku ʻia me ke one-argillaceous nā moena ʻulaʻula.
Palapala ʻāina honua o ka wahi i aʻo ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological ma ka palapala ʻāina (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki a me Ngongombata). Hōʻike ka pōʻai a puni ke kahua i kahi radius o 7 km, kahi e kūlike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu o 84%2. Kuhikuhi ka palapala ʻāina i ka Democratic Republic of the Congo a me Angola, a ua hōʻailona ʻia nā palena. Ua hana ʻia nā palapala ʻāina honua (nā shapefiles ma ka Supplement 11) ma ka polokalamu ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (pūnaewele: https://www.arcgis.com/), e kuhikuhi ana iā Angolan41 a me Congolese42,65 Nā palapala ʻāina honua (nā faila raster), me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Make i nā kūlana hoʻolālā like ʻole.
Ma luna o ka discontinuity sedimentary, ʻo nā ʻāpana Cretaceous i hana ʻia me nā pōhaku sedimentary continental e like me ke one a me ka claystone. Ma kahi kokoke, ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano geological he kumu waiho lua o nā daimana ma hope o ka ʻino ʻana e nā paipu kimberlite mua o Cretaceous41,42. ʻAʻohe pōhaku igneous a me nā pōhaku metamorphic kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia wahi.
ʻO ka ʻāina a puni ʻo Mbanza Kongo ua hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o nā waihona clastic a me nā kemika ma nā strata Precambrian, ʻo ia hoʻi ka limestone a me ka dolomite mai ka Schisto-Calcaire Formation a me ka slate, quartzite a me ka ashwag mai ka Haut Shiloango Formation41. ʻO ka ʻāpana geological kokoke loa i ka pūnaewele archaeological Jindoji ʻo ia ka pōhaku sedimentary alluvial Holocene a me ka limestone, slate a me ka chert i uhi ʻia me ka feldspar quartzite o ka Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. Aia ʻo Ngongo Mbata ma kahi kāʻei pōhaku Schisto-Greseux haiki ma waena o ka Schisto-Calcaire Group kahiko a me ka one ʻulaʻula Cretaceous kokoke42. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kumu Kimberlite i kapa ʻia ʻo Kimpangu ma kahi ākea o Ngongo Mbata kokoke i ka craton ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lower Congo.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena semi-quantitative o nā pae mineral nui i loaʻa e XRD ma ka Papa 1, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano XRD i koho ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4. ʻO Quartz (SiO2) ka pae mineral nui, e pili mau ana me ka potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) a me ka mica. [No ka laʻana, ʻo KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], a/a i ʻole talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. ʻO nā mineral plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na a i ʻole Ca] (ʻo ia hoʻi ka sodium a/a i ʻole anorthite) a me ka amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5–7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] he mau pae crystalline pili like, ʻO ka maʻamau he mica. ʻO Amphibole ʻaʻohe pinepine o ka talc.
Nā hiʻohiʻona XRD hōʻike o nā ipu lepo Kongo Kingdom, ma muli o nā ʻano crystalline nui, e pili ana i nā hui ʻano: (i) nā ʻāpana waiwai talc i loaʻa i nā laʻana Kindoki Group a me Kongo Type C, (ii) talc waiwai i loaʻa i nā laʻana Nā ʻāpana i loaʻa iā Quartz Nā laʻana Kindoki Group a me Kongo Type C, (iii) nā ʻāpana waiwai feldspar i nā laʻana Kongo Type A a me Kongo D, (iv) nā ʻāpana waiwai mica i nā laʻana Kongo Type A a me Kongo D, (v) Ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai amphibole i nā laʻana mai Kongo Type A a me Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, a i ʻole potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Pono nā spectra XRD like ʻole o ka talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 a me ka pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 i kahi ʻenehana hoʻohui e ʻike ai i ko lākou alo, ka ʻole a i ʻole ka noho like ʻana. Ua hana ʻia ʻo TGA ma nā laʻana ʻekolu (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 a me KDK_S.20). Ua kūlike nā piʻo TG (Supplement 3) me ke alo o ka pae mineral talc a me ka ʻole o ka pyrophyllite. ʻO ka dehydroxylation a me ka decomposition structural i ʻike ʻia ma waena o 850 a me 1000 °C e pili ana i ka talc. ʻAʻohe pohō nui i ʻike ʻia ma waena o 650 a me 850 °C, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻole o ka pyrophyllite44.
Ma ke ʻano he pae liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻuluʻulu i kuhikuhi ʻia o nā laʻana ʻelele, piko Aia ma 16-7 Å, ʻike nui ʻia ma nā laʻana Kindoki Group a me Kongo Group Type A.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hāpana ʻano Kindoki Group i loaʻa mai ka ʻāina ākea a puni ʻo Kindoki i kahi ʻano mineral i hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o ka talc, ka nui o ka quartz a me ka mica, a me ke alo o ka potassium feldspar.
ʻO ka haku mele mineral o nā laʻana Kongo Type A ua hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o kahi nui o nā hui quartz-mica ma nā ʻano like ʻole a me ke alo o ka potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, a me mica. ʻO ka nui o ka amphibole a me ka feldspar e hōʻailona ana i kēia hui ʻano, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā laʻana Congo-type A ma Jindoki lāua ʻo Ngongombata.
Hōʻike nā laʻana ʻAno C o Kongo i kahi ʻano mineral like ʻole i loko o ka hui ʻano, kahi mea e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana ma ka wahi archaeological. Waiwai nā laʻana mai Ngongo Mbata i ka quartz a hōʻike i kahi ʻano kūlike. ʻO Quartz kekahi pae nui i nā laʻana ʻano C o Kongo mai Mbanza Kongo lāua ʻo Kindoki, akā i kēia mau hihia, waiwai kekahi mau laʻana i ka talc a me ka mica.
He ʻano mineralogi kūikawā ko ke ʻano Kongo D ma nā wahi ʻeli ʻekolu. Nui ka Feldspar, ʻoiai ka plagioclase, i loko o kēia ʻano ipu lepo. Loaʻa pinepine ka Amphibole i ka nui. Hōʻike i ka quartz a me ka mica. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o nā laʻana ma waena o nā laʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka Talc ma nā ʻāpana waiwai i ka amphibole o ka hui ʻano Mbanza Kongo.
ʻO nā minelala nui i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ʻike ʻia e ka nānā ʻana o ka petrographic he quartz, feldspar, mica a me amphibole. ʻO nā hoʻokomo pōhaku he mau ʻāpana o nā pōhaku metamorphic waena a me ke kiʻekiʻe, igneous a me sedimentary. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili lole i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pakuhi kuhikuhi a Orton45 i kahi kūlana mokuʻāina mai ka maikaʻi ʻole a i ka maikaʻi, me ka lakio o ka matrix mokuʻāina mai 5% a 50%. Loaʻa nā hua i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia mai ka poepoe a i ka angular me ka ʻole o kahi kuhikuhi makemake.
ʻElima mau hui lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, a me PGe) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma muli o nā loli kūkulu a me nā mineralogical. Pūʻulu PGa: matrix tempered haʻahaʻa-kikoʻī (5-10%), matrix maikaʻi, me nā hoʻokomo nui o nā pōhaku sedimentary metamorphic (Kiʻi 5a); Pūʻulu PGb: hapa nui o ka matrix tempered (20%-30%), matrix tempered ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke ahi, he angular nā hua tempered, a ʻo nā pōhaku metamorphic waena a me ke kiʻekiʻe he nui ka nui o ka silicate layered, mica a me nā hoʻokomo pōhaku nui (Kiʻi 5b); Pūʻulu PGc: hapa kiʻekiʻe o ka matrix tempered (20 -40%), hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka temper maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa, nā hua liʻiliʻi a puni liʻiliʻi loa, nā hua quartz nui, nā lua planar i kekahi manawa (c ma ke Kiʻi 5); Pūʻulu PGd: ratio haʻahaʻa Tempered matrix (5-20%), me nā hua liʻiliʻi tempered, nā hoʻokomo pōhaku nui, ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻole, a me ke ʻano matrix maikaʻi (d ma ke Kiʻi 5); a me ka hui PGe: ka hapa nui o ka matrix tempered (40-50%), ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka temper maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa, ʻelua nui o nā hua i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a me nā ʻano mineral like ʻole e pili ana i ka tempering (Kiʻi 5, e). Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 5 i kahi micrograph optical ʻelele o ka hui petrographic. Ua alakaʻi nā haʻawina optical o nā laʻana i nā pilina ikaika ma waena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻano a me nā seti petrographic, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā laʻana mai Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata (e ʻike i ka Supplementary 4 no nā photomicrographs ʻelele o ka set laʻana holoʻokoʻa).
Nā kiʻi micrograph optical hōʻike o nā ʻāpana ipu lepo o ke Aupuni Kongo; ka pilina ma waena o nā hui petrographic a me nā typological. (a) hui PGa, (b) hui PGB, (c) hui PGc, (d) hui PGd a me (e) hui PGe.
ʻO ka laʻana o ke Kindoki Formation e komo pū ana me nā ʻano pōhaku i wehewehe pono ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o PGa. Pili loa nā laʻana ʻano Kongo A me nā lithofacies PGb, koe wale nō ka laʻana ʻano Kongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A mai Ngongo Mbata, kahi e pili ana i ka hui PGe ma ke kauoha ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C mai Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata, a me nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C MBK_S.21 a me MBK_S.23 mai Mbanza Kongo no ka hui PGc. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike kekahi mau laʻana ʻano Kongo C i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lithofacies ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C MBK_S.17 a me NBC_S.13 i nā ʻano texture e pili ana i nā hui PGe. Hoʻokumu nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 a me MBK_S.14 i hoʻokahi hui lithofacies PGd, ʻoiai ʻo nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C KDK_S.19, Loaʻa iā KDK_S.20 a me KDK_S.25 nā waiwai like me ka hui PGb. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka laʻana Kongo Type C MBK_S.14 he outlier ma muli o kona ʻano porous clast. ʻO ka aneane o nā laʻana āpau e pili ana i ka ʻano Kongo D e pili ana me nā lithofacies PGe, koe wale nō nā laʻana Kongo D-type MBK_S.7 a me MBK_S.15 mai Mbanza Kongo, kahi e hōʻike ana i nā grains tempered nui me nā densities haʻahaʻa (30%), kokoke i ka hui PGc.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological e VP-SEM-EDS e hōʻike i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea nui a e hoʻoholo i ka haku mele nui o nā hua i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia. Hiki i ka ʻikepili EDS ke ʻike i ka quartz, feldspar, amphibole, iron oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (e.g. rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) a me perovskite neosilicates (garnet). ʻO Silica, alumini, potassium, calcium, sodium, titanium, hao a me magnesium nā mea kemika maʻamau i loko o ka matrix. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka nui o ka magnesium i loko o ka Kindoki Formation a me nā kīʻaha ʻano Kongo A ma ke alo o nā minelala talc a i ʻole magnesium clay. Wahi a ka loiloi mea nui, pili nui nā hua feldspar i ka potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, a i kekahi manawa labradorite a me anorthite (Supplement 5, Fig. S8-S10), ʻoiai ʻo nā hua amphibole he tremolite Stone, actinite, i ke ʻano o ka laʻana Kongo Type A NBC_S.3, pōhaku lau ʻulaʻula. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa maopopo i ka haku mele ʻana o ka amphibole (Kiʻi 6) ma Kongo A-type (tremolite) a me Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite). Eia kekahi, ma ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological, ua pili loa nā hua ilmenite me nā laʻana D-type. Loaʻa ka nui o ka manganese i loko o nā hua ilmenite. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia i hoʻololi i kā lākou ʻano pani hao-titanium (Fe-Ti) maʻamau (e ʻike i ka Supplementary 5, Fig. S11).
ʻIkepili VP-SEM-EDS. He kiʻikuhi ternary e hōʻike ana i ka ʻano like ʻole o ka amphibole ma waena o nā pahu Kongo Type A a me Kongo D ma nā laʻana i koho ʻia mai Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), a me Ngongo Mbata (NBC); nā hōʻailona i hoʻopili ʻia e nā hui ʻano.
Wahi a nā hopena XRD, ʻo ka quartz a me ka potassium feldspar nā minelala nui i nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C, ʻoiai ʻo ke alo o ka quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite a me tremolite nā ʻano o nā laʻana ʻano Kongo A. Hōʻike nā laʻana ʻano Kongo D ʻo ka quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite a me ka actinite nā ʻāpana minelala nui. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka laʻana ʻano Kongo A NBC_S.3 he outlier no ka mea ʻo kona plagioclase he labradorite, ʻo ka amphibole he orthopamphibole, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke alo o ka ilmenite. Loaʻa pū i ka laʻana ʻano Kongo C NBC_S.14 nā hua ilmenite (Hoʻohui 5, Nā Kiʻi S12–S15).
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi XRF ma nā laʻana koho mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological e hoʻoholo i nā hui mea nui. Ua helu ʻia nā haku mele mea nui ma ka Papa 2. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā laʻana i kālailai ʻia he waiwai nui i ka silica a me ka alumina, me nā pae calcium oxide ma lalo o 6%. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka magnesium e pili ana i ke alo o ka talc, kahi e pili pono ana i nā oxides o silicon a me ka alumini oxide. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka sodium oxide a me ka calcium oxide e kūlike me ka nui o ka plagioclase.
Ua hōʻike nā hāpana Kindoki Group i loaʻa mai kahi o Kindoki i ka hoʻonui nui ʻia o ka magnesia (8-10%) ma muli o ke alo o ka talc. ʻO nā pae o ka potassium oxide i loko o kēia ʻano hui mai 1.5 a 2.5%, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka sodium (< 0.2%) a me ka calcium oxide (< 0.4%).
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o nā oxides hao (7.5–9%) kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā ipu ʻano Kongo A. Ua hōʻike nā laʻana ʻano Kongo A mai Mbanza Kongo lāua ʻo Kindoki i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka potassium (3.5–4.5%). ʻO ka nui o ka magnesium oxide (3–5%) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka laʻana Ngongo Mbata mai nā laʻana ʻē aʻe o ka hui ʻano like. Hōʻike ka laʻana ʻano Kongo A NBC_S.4 i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā oxides hao, kahi e pili ana me ke alo o nā pae mineral amphibole. Ua hōʻike ka laʻana ʻano Kongo A NBC_S.3 i ka nui o ka manganese (1.25%).
ʻO Silica (60-70%) ka mea nui i ka haku mele ʻana o ka hāpana ʻano Kongo C, kahi mea i pili i ka ʻike quartz i hoʻoholo ʻia e XRD a me ka petrography. Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻahaʻa o ka sodium (< 0.5%) a me ka calcium (0.2-0.6%). ʻO nā ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka magnesium oxide (13.9 a me 20.7%, kēlā me kēia) a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hao oxide i nā hāpana MBK_S.14 a me KDK_S.20 e kūlike me nā minelala talc nui. Ua hōʻike nā hāpana MBK_S.9 a me KDK_S.19 o kēia ʻano hui i nā ʻike silica haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻike sodium, magnesium, calcium a me Iron oxide kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka titanium dioxide (1.5%) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hāpana Kongo Type C MBK_S.9.
Hōʻike nā ʻokoʻa i ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea hana i nā laʻana Kongo Type D, e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka silica a me nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), a me ka potassium oxide ma ka pae o 44% a 63% (1-5%) ma muli o ke alo o ka feldspar. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) i kēia ʻano hui. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hao oxide o nā laʻana Kongo D-type MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 a me NBC_S.23 e pili ana me ka nui o ka magnesium oxide, kahi e kūlike me ka mana o ka amphibole. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka manganese oxide i nā laʻana Kongo D-type āpau.
Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili kumu nui i kahi pilina ma waena o ka calcium a me nā oxides hao i loko o nā pahu Kongo ʻano A a me D, kahi i pili pū me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka sodium oxide. E pili ana i ka haku mele trace element (Supplementary 6, Table S1), ʻo ka hapa nui o nā laʻana ʻano Kongo D ua waiwai i ka zirconium me kahi pilina kūpono me ka strontium. Hōʻike ka palapala Rb-Sr (Fig. 7) i ka pilina ma waena o nā pahu strontium a me Kongo D-type, a ma waena o nā pahu rubidium a me Kongo A-type. Ua pau nā keramika Kindoki Group a me Kongo Type C i nā mea ʻelua. (E nānā pū i ka Supplementary 6, Figures S16-S19).
ʻIkepili XRF. Kiʻikuhi hoʻopuehu Rb-Sr, nā laʻana i koho ʻia mai nā ipu hao o ke Aupuni Kongo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke kala e ka hui ʻano. Hōʻike ka pakuhi i ka pilina ma waena o ka pahu ʻano Kongo D a me ka strontium a ma waena o ka pahu ʻano Kongo A a me ka rubidium.
Ua kālailai ʻia kahi hāpana koho mai Mbanza Kongo e ICP-MS e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā mea trace a me nā mea trace, a e aʻo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano REE ma waena o nā hui ʻano. Ua wehewehe nui ʻia nā mea trace a me nā mea trace ma ka Appendix 7, Table S2. ʻO nā hāpana ʻAno Kongo A a me nā hāpana ʻAno Kongo D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, a me MBK_S.25 he waiwai nui i ka thorium. Hōʻike nā kini ʻano Kongo A i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka zinc a ua hoʻonui ʻia i ka rubidium, ʻoiai nā kini ʻano Kongo D e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka strontium, e hōʻoia ana i nā hopena XRF (Hoʻohui 7, Nā Kiʻi S21–S23). Hōʻike ka pakuhi La/Yb-Sm/Yb i ka pilina a hōʻike i ka ʻike lanthanum kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka hāpana Kongo D-tank (Kiʻi 8).
ʻIkepili ICP-MS. Kiʻikuhi hoʻopuehu o La/Yb-Sm/Yb, nā laʻana i koho ʻia mai ke kīʻaha Aupuni Kongo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kala e ka hui ʻano. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka laʻana ʻAno C Kongo MBK_S.14 ma ke kiʻi.
Hōʻike ʻia nā REE i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e NASC47 ma ke ʻano o nā kiʻi spider (Kiʻi 9). Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea honua kakaikahi māmā (LREE), ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā laʻana mai nā pahu Kongo A-type a me D-type. Ua hōʻike ʻo Kongo Type C i ka ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka anomaly europium maikaʻi ke ʻano o ke ʻano Kongo D, a ʻo ka anomaly cerium kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano o ke ʻano Kongo A.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua nānā mākou i kahi hui o nā keramika mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological ʻApelika Waena e pili ana me ke Aupuni o Kongo e pili ana i nā hui typological like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hui Jindoki a me Kongo. Hōʻike ka Jinduomu Group i kahi wā ma mua (ka wā aupuni mua) a aia wale nō ma ka pūnaewele archaeological Jinduomu. Aia ka hui Kongo—nā ʻano A, C, a me D—i loko o ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological i ka manawa like. Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka mōʻaukala o King Kong Group i ka wā aupuni. Hōʻike ia i kahi au o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ʻEulopa a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai i loko a ma waho o ke Aupuni o Kongo, e like me ia no nā kenekulia. Ua loaʻa nā manamana lima compositional a me ke ʻano pōhaku me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala multi-analytical. ʻO kēia ka manawa mua i hoʻohana ai ʻo Central Africa i ia ʻaelike.
Kuhikuhi nā manamana lima o ka hui Kindoki a me ke kūkulu pōhaku i nā huahana Kindoki kūikawā. Pili paha ka hui Kindoki i ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Nsondi i panalāʻau kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻEhiku Kongo dia Nlaza28,29. ʻO ke alo o ka talc a me ka vermiculite (kahi huahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka talc weathering) ma ka hui Jinduoji e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka kūloko, ʻoiai aia ka talc i loko o ka matrix geological o ka pūnaewele Jinduoji, ma ka Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40. ʻO nā ʻano lole o kēia ʻano ipuhao i ʻike ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano e kuhikuhi ana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea maka ʻaʻole holomua.
Ua hōʻike nā ipu ʻano Kongo A i kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana ma waena a ma waena o ka pūnaewele. Kiʻekiʻe ʻo Mbanza Kongo lāua ʻo Kindoki i ka potassium a me ka calcium oxides, ʻoiai ʻo Ngongo Mbata kiʻekiʻe i ka magnesium. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokaʻawale kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau iā lākou mai nā hui typological ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka kūlike o lākou i ka lole, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka mica paste. ʻAʻole e like me ke ʻano Kongo C, hōʻike lākou i nā ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka feldspar, amphibole a me ka hao oxide. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike o ka mica a me ke alo o ka tremolite amphibole e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai ke kīʻaha ʻano Kongo D, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka actinolite amphibole.
Hōʻike pū ʻo Kongo Type C i nā loli i ka mineralogy a me ka hoʻohuihui kemika a me nā ʻano lole o nā wahi archaeological ʻekolu a ma waena o lākou. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻano like ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu waiwai maka i loaʻa kokoke i kēlā me kēia wahi hana/hoʻopau. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻia ke ʻano like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hoʻololi loea kūloko.
Ua pili loa ke ʻano Kongo D i ka nui o nā titanium oxides, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i ke alo o nā minelala ilmenite (Hoʻohui 6, Kiʻi S20). ʻO ka nui o ka manganese o nā hua ilmenite i kālailai ʻia e hoʻopili iā lākou me ka manganese ilmenite (Kiʻi 10), kahi ʻano hana kū hoʻokahi e kūlike me nā ʻano kimberlite48,49. ʻO ke alo o nā pōhaku sedimentary continental Cretaceous—he kumu o nā waihona daimana lua ma hope o ka ʻino ʻana o nā paipu kimberlite pre-Cretaceous42—a me ke kahua Kimberlite i hōʻike ʻia o Kimberlite ma Lower Congo43 e hōʻike ana ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Ngongo Mbata ākea paha ke kumu o nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lepo D-type. Kākoʻo hou ʻia kēia e ka ʻike ʻana o ka ilmenite i loko o hoʻokahi laʻana Kongo Type A a me hoʻokahi laʻana Kongo Type C ma kahi o Ngongo Mbata.
ʻIkepili VP-SEM-EDS. Palapala hoʻopuehu MgO-MnO, nā laʻana i koho ʻia mai Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) a me Ngongo Mbata (NBC) me nā hua ilmenite i ʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka manganese-titanium ferromanganese e pili ana i ka noiʻi ʻana a Kaminsky lāua ʻo Belousova (Mn-ilmenites).
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole Europium maikaʻi ma ke ʻano REE o ka pahu Kongo D-type (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 9), ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā laʻana me nā hua ilmenite i ʻike ʻia (e laʻa, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, a me MBK_S.24), pili paha me nā pōhaku igneous ultrabasic waiwai i ka anorthite a mālama i ka Eu2+. Hiki i kēia hoʻolaha REE ke wehewehe i ka nui o ka strontium i loaʻa i nā laʻana Kongo D-type (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 6) no ka mea ua pani ka strontium i ka calcium50 i loko o ka lattice mineral Ca. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lanthanum (Kiʻi 8) a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o LREEs (Kiʻi 9) hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā pōhaku igneous ultrabasic e like me nā ʻano geological kimberlite51.
ʻO nā ʻano haku mele kūikawā o nā ipu Kongo D-ʻano e hoʻopili iā lākou i kahi kumu kikoʻī o nā mea maka maoli, a me ke ʻano like o kēia ʻano ma waena o nā wahi, e hōʻike ana i kahi kikowaena hana kū hoʻokahi no nā ipu Kongo D-ʻano. Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka haku mele ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia o ke ʻano Kongo D e hopena i nā mea keramika paʻakikī loa a hōʻike i ka hana ʻana i nā mea maka i manaʻo ʻia a me ka ʻike loea holomua i ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lepo52. He kū hoʻokahi kēia hiʻohiʻona a kākoʻo hou i ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano he huahana e pili ana i kahi hui elite kikoʻī o nā mea hoʻohana35. E pili ana i kēia hana ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻo Clist et al29 he hopena paha ia o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea hana tile Pukiki a me nā mea hana ipu Congolese, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēlā ʻike i ka wā o ke aupuni a ma mua.
ʻO ka nele o nā ʻāpana mineral i hoʻokumu hou ʻia i loko o nā laʻana mai nā ʻano hui āpau e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke ahi wela haʻahaʻa (<950 °C), kahi e kūlike pū me nā haʻawina ethnoarchaeological i mālama ʻia ma kēia wahi53,54. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nele o ka hematite a me ke kala ʻeleʻele o kekahi mau ʻāpana ipu lepo ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ke ahi a i ʻole ke ahi ma hope4,55. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina Ethnographic ma ia wahi i nā waiwai hana ma hope o ke ahi i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lepo55. Hiki ke pili nā kala ʻeleʻele, i loaʻa nui ʻia i loko o nā ipu Kongo D-ʻano, me nā mea hoʻohana i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou mea hoʻonaninani waiwai. Kākoʻo nā ʻikepili Ethnographic ma ka pōʻaiapili ʻApelika ākea i kēia koi, ʻoiai ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia nā ipu ʻeleʻele he mau manaʻo hōʻailona kikoʻī.
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka calcium i loko o nā laʻana, ka nele o nā carbonates a/a i ʻole ko lākou mau pae mineral i hoʻokumu hou ʻia e pili ana i ke ʻano non-calcareous o nā keramika57. He mea hoihoi loa kēia nīnau no nā laʻana waiwai talc (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Kindoki Group a me Kongo Type C basins) no ka mea aia ka carbonate a me ka talc i loko o ka hui carbonate-argillaceous kūloko-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai manaʻo o kekahi mau ʻano mea maka mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka honua like e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike loea holomua e pili ana i ke ʻano kūpono ʻole o nā lepo calcareous i ka wā i puhi ʻia ai i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano hoʻohuihui a me nā ʻano pōhaku o nā ipu lepo Kongo C i loko a ma waena o ke kahua, ua ʻae ke koi nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kuke iā mākou e kau i ka hana ʻana o nā ipu lepo Kongo C ma ka pae kaiāulu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nui o ka quartz i loko o ka hapa nui o nā laʻana ʻano Kongo C e hōʻike ana i kahi pae o ke kūlike i ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lepo ma ke aupuni. Hōʻike ia i ke koho akahele ʻana o nā mea maka a me ka ʻike loea holomua e pili ana i ka hana kūpono a kūpono o ka Ipu Kuki Temper Quartz58. Hōʻike ka quartz tempering a me nā mea calcium-free e pili ana ke koho ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea maka i nā koi hana loea.