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Hōʻike ka poʻe moʻomeheu i ke ʻano socioeconomic o nā moʻomeheu i hala, ʻoiai ʻo ka puʻunaue ākea o ka ipu lepo e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano o ke kamaʻilio a me nā kaʻina hana o ka launa pū ʻana. kaulana mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmālima, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mokuʻāina ex-colonial kaulana loa ma Central Africa. .Maʻaneʻi mākou e hāʻawi i nāʻike hou i ka hanaʻana a me ka holoʻana o ka ipu lepo ma ke Aupuni o Congo. Ke hana nei i nāʻano analytical he nui ma nā mea i kohoʻia,ʻo ia hoʻi XRD, TGA, petrographic analysis, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS a me ICP-MS, ua hoʻoholo mākou ʻO kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona petrographic, mineralogical a geochemical. ʻO kā mākou hopena e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻopili i nā mea archaeological me nā mea kūlohelohe a hoʻokumu i nā kuʻuna ceramic. ʻO ke kikowaena ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lower Congo o ʻApelika Waena ka hopena pololei i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana.
ʻO ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ipu lepo he hana koʻikoʻi ia ma nā moʻomeheu he nui, a ʻo kona ʻano socio-political ka hopena nui i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hana a me ke kaʻina hana o kēia mau mea1,2. ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā lāhui i hala 3,4. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā seramika archaeological, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i kā lākou mau waiwai i nā kuʻuna seramika kikoʻī a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana ʻana1,4,5. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. Eia kekahi, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā noiʻi hihia ethnographic like ʻole, e pili ana ʻo Whitbread2 i kahi 84% o ka hoʻomohala waiwai i loko o kahi radius 7km o ke kumu ceramic, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka 80% probability i loko o kahi radius 3km ma Africa7. , he mea nui e ole e hoopoina i ka hilinai ana o na hui hana ma na mea loea2,3. Hiki ke noii i na koho technological ma o ka imi ana i ka pilina ma waena o na mea waiwai, na hana a me ka ike loea3,8,9. Hiki i ke ano o ia mau koho ke hoomaopopo i kekahi moolelo seramika. .I kēia manawa, ua kōkua nui ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka archeology i loko o ka noiʻi i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana o nā societies i hala 3,10,11,12. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano analytical multi-analytical ke pane i nā nīnau e pili ana i nā pae āpau e pili ana i nā hana kaulahao, e like me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke koho ʻana i nā mea maka, ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hana ʻana3,10,11,12.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ke Aupuni Kongo, kekahi o nā politika koʻikoʻi e hoʻomohala ma ʻApelika Waena. mai nā wahi kālai'āina liʻiliʻi a ʻāpana ʻāpana a hiki i nā ʻāpana politika paʻakikī a paʻakikī loa 13,14,15. Ma kēia ʻano socio-political, ua manaʻo ʻia ke aupuni o Congo i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka kenekulia 14 e ʻekolu hui pili 16, 17. Ua uhi ia i kahi ʻāpana e like me ka ʻāpana ma waena o ka Moana ʻAkelanika a hiki i ke komohana o ka Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) a me ka muliwai Cuango ma ka hikina, a me ka ʻāpana o ka ʻĀkau ʻo Angola i kēia lā. Latitude o Luanda. He hana koʻikoʻi ia ma ka ʻāina ākea i kona wā nui a loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ka centralization a hiki i ka 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st of the 18th century. Social stratification, a common currency, taxation systems , ka mahele hana kiko'ī, a me ke kālepa kauā18, 19 e hōʻike ana i ke kumu hoʻohālike o Earle o ka hoʻokele waiwai politika22. Mai kona hoʻokumu ʻana a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke Aupuni Kongo, a mai ka makahiki 1483 i hoʻokumu i nā pilina ikaika me ʻEulopa, a ma kēia ʻO ke ala i komo i ke kālepa ʻAkelanika 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī e nānā i ka Pākuʻi 1) no ka ʻike mōʻaukala.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano o nā mea waiwai a me nā geosciences i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological i ke Aupuni Kongo, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā ʻeli ʻana i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Mbanza Kongo ma Angola a me Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig). . 1) (e nānā i ka Papa Hoʻohui 1).2 ma kaʻikepili archaeological) .Mbanza Congo, i kākau houʻia ma ka UNESCO World Heritage List, aia ma ka moku Mpemba o ke aupuni kahiko. ʻO ke kapikala hoʻomalu o ke aupuni a me ka noho aliʻi o ke aliʻi. Aia ʻo Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata ma nā panalāʻau o Nsundi a me Mbata, ʻo ia paha kekahi o nā aupuni ʻehiku o Kongo dia Nlaza ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke aupuni - kekahi o nā polities hui 28,29. Ua hana nui lāua ʻelua i ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni 17. Aia nā wahi archaeological o Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata ma ke awāwa ʻo Inkisi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke aupuni a ʻo ia kekahi o nā wahi mua i lanakila ʻia e ka ʻO Mbata Nsundi, ke kapikala panalāʻau me nā neoneo o Jindoki, ua noho aliʻi ʻia e ka poʻe hope o nā aliʻi Congolese ma hope o 17, 18, 30. ʻO ka mokuʻāina ʻo Mbata ka nui o 31 hikina o ka muliwai Inkisi. ʻO nā aliʻi o Mbata ( a i kekahi nui o Soyo) i ka pono mōʻaukala o ka mea wale nō i koho ʻia mai ka poʻe aliʻi kūloko ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻaʻole nā ​​panalāʻau ʻē aʻe kahi i koho ʻia ai nā aliʻi e ka ʻohana aliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka liquidity 18,26. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ka panalāʻau. kapikala o Mbata, Ngongo Mbata i hana nui ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka 17th century. ,32.
ʻO ke aupuni o Congo a me kona mau panalāʻau nuiʻeono (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) i kaʻumikumamāono a me kaʻumikumamāhiku mau kenekulia. palapala ʻāina.
He ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻike archaeological o ke Aupuni Kongo33. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻike i ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni e pili ana i nā kuʻuna waha a me nā kumu kākau mai ʻApelika a me ʻEulopa16,17. i ka nele o ka systematic archaeological studies34.Archaeological excavations mai 2011 ua manaʻo e hoʻopiha i kēia mau āpau a ua wehe i nā hale koʻikoʻi, nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā mea hana. e pili ana i ka Iron Age ma ʻApelika Waena, ʻo nā hana archaeological e like me kēia manawa he kakaikahi loa37,38.
Hōʻike mākou i nā hopena o ka mineralogy, geochemical a me petrological analyses of a set of pottery fragments from three excavated areas of the Kingdom of the Congo (see archaeological data in Supplementary Material 2). The samples belongs to four pottery type (Fig. 2), hoʻokahi mai ka Jindoji Formation a ʻekolu mai ka King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. ʻO ka hui Kindoki mai ka wā kahiko o ke Aupuni (14th a i waena o 15th century). ) ʻo ia wale nō ka paena i hōʻike i ka hui ʻana o Kindoki30,35. ʻEkolu mau ʻano Kongo Groups - Type A, Type C, a Type D - mai ka hope o ke aupuni (16th-18th mau kenekulia) a noho like i nā wahi archaeological ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia ma aneʻi30 , 31, 35. ʻO nā ipu ʻo Kongo Type C nā ipu kuke i nui ma nā wahi ʻekolu. Pono e hoʻohana wale ʻia nā ceramics no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home - no ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā hale kupapaʻu a hiki i kēia lā - a pili pū me kahi hui elite kikoʻī o nā mea hoʻohana30,31,35. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻāpana o lākou i nā helu liʻiliʻi. ua hōʻike i nā māhele spatial like ma nā pūnaewele Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata30,31. Ma Ngongo Mbata, a hiki i kēia manawa, aia nā'āpana 37,013 Kongo Type C, aia wale nō nā'āpana 193 Kongo Type A a me 168 Kongo Type D31 mau'āpana.
Nā kiʻi o nā ʻano hui ʻehā o ka ipu lepo o ke Aupuni Kongo i kūkākūkā ʻia ma kēia haʻawina (Kindoki Group a me Kongo Group: Types A, C, and D);he hōʻike kiʻi kiʻi o ko lākou hiʻohiʻona manawa ma kēlā me kēia kahua archaeological ʻo Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy me Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) a me Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) no ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i nā kumu kumu o nā mea maka a me nā ʻenehana hana. o na hui kalaiaina kaulana loa ma Aferika Waena.
ʻO ka hihia o ke Aupuni Kongo he mea paʻakikī loa ia no nā noiʻi kumu ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka kikoʻī o ka hōʻike geological kūloko (Fig. 3). ka Western Congo Supergroup.Ma ke ala i lalo, hoʻomaka ke kaʻina me ka rhythmically alternating quartzite-claystone formations i ka Sansikwa Formation, a ukali ʻia e ka Haut Shiloango Formation, i hōʻike ʻia e ke alo o stromatolite carbonates, a ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo, silica Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana honua Diatomaceous kokoke i ka lalo a me luna o ka hui. ʻO ka Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group he hui carbonate-argillite me kekahi mineralization Cu-Pb-Zn. ka hoʻololi iki ʻana o ka dolomite e hana ana i ka talc. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu mineral calcium a me ka talc.
ʻO ka palapala honua honua o ka wahi aʻo. Hōʻike ʻia nā wahi archaeological ʻekolu ma ka palapala ʻāina (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki a me Ngongombata). pili i ka Democratic Republic of Congo a me Angola, a ua kaha ʻia nā palena. Ua hana ʻia nā palapala ʻāina (shapefiles ma Supplement 11) ma ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 software (pūnaewele: https://www.arcgis.com/), e kuhikuhi ana ʻO Angolan41 a me Congolese42,65 Nā palapala ʻāina Geological (raster files), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Hana i nā kūlana hoʻolālā like ʻole.
Ma luna aʻe o ka sedimentary discontinuity, Cretaceous units in continental sedimentary rocks like sandstone and claystone.Nearby, this geological formation is known as a second depositional source of diamonds after erosion by Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.No further igneous and high-grade metamorphic Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pōhaku ma kēia wahi.
ʻO ka wahi a puni ʻo Mbanza Kongo ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waihona clastic a me nā kemika ma Precambrian strata, ka nui o ka limestone a me ka dolomite mai ka Schisto-Calcaire Formation a me ka slate, quartzite a me ka ashwag mai ka Haut Shiloango Formation41. ʻO ka ʻāpana geological kokoke loa i ke kahua archaeological Jindoji. ʻO ia ka Holocene alluvial sedimentary pōhaku a me ka limestone, slate a me ka chert i uhi ʻia me ka feldspar quartzite o ka Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. Aia ʻo Ngongo Mbata i kahi kāʻei pōhaku Schisto-Greseux ma waena o ka hui Schisto-Calcaire kahiko a me ka pōhaku ʻulaʻula Cretaceous42 kokoke. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kumu Kimberlite i kapa ʻia ʻo Kimpangu ma kahi ākea o Ngongo Mbata kokoke i ka craton ma ka ʻāina Lower Congo.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena semi-quantitative o nā ʻāpana mineral nui i loaʻa e XRD ma ka Papa 1, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona XRD i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4. ʻO Quartz (SiO2) ka pae mineral nui, pili mau me ka potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) a me ka mika. .[No ka laʻana, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], a/a i ʻole talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. ʻO nā minela plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na a i ʻole Ca] (ʻo ia hoʻi ka sodium a/a i ʻole anorthite) a me amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] he mau ʻāpana crystalline e pili ana, maʻamau ka mica. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka Amphibole mai talc.
Nā hiʻohiʻona XRD o ka ipu lepo o ke Aupuni Kongo, e pili ana i nā ʻāpana crystalline nui, e pili ana i nā pūʻulu ʻano: (i) nā mea waiwai talc i ʻike ʻia ma nā laʻana Kindoki Group a me Kongo Type C, (ii) talc waiwai i ʻike ʻia i nā laʻana Quartz-containing component. Nā laʻana Kindoki Group a me Kongo Type C, (iii) nā mea waiwai feldspar i loko o nā laʻana Kongo Type A a me Kongo D, (iv) nā mea waiwai mika ma nā laʻana Kongo Type A a me Kongo D, (v) Ua loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai Amphibole i nā laʻana. mai Kongo Type A a me Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, or potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
ʻO ke kikoʻī XRD ʻike ʻole o ka talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 a me pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 e koi i kahi ʻenehana hoʻohui e ʻike i ko lākou hele ʻana, ʻaʻole a i ʻole hiki ke noho pū. 20) . Ua kūlike nā TG curves (Supplement 3) me ka hikiʻana mai o ka'āpana mineral talc a me ka nele o ka pyrophyllite. ʻO ka dehydroxylation a me ka decomposition structural iʻikeʻia ma waena o 850 a me 1000 ° C e pili ana i ka talc. 850 °C, e hōʻike ana i ka nele o ka pyrophyllite44.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i nā aggregates oriented o nā mea hoʻohālike, ka piko Aia ma 16-7 Å, ʻike nui ʻia ma nā ʻano laʻana o Kindoki Group a me Kongo Group Type A.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano laʻana o Kindoki Group-type mai kahi ākea a puni ʻo Kindoki i kahi ʻano minerale i hōʻike ʻia e ka hiki ʻana o ka talc, ka nui o ka quartz a me ka mica, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka potassium feldspar.
ʻO ka hui mineral o Kongo Type A samples iʻikeʻia e ka nui o nā hui quartz-mica i nāʻano likeʻole a me ka hikiʻana o ka potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, a me ka mika. ʻoi aku ma nā ʻano ʻano Congo-type A ma Jindoki a me Ngongombata.
Hōʻike nā ʻano ʻano Kongo C i kahi ʻano mineral like ʻole i loko o ka pūʻulu ʻano, kahi i hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ka pae archaeological. mai Mbanza Kongo a me Kindoki, akā i kēia mau hihia, ua waiwai kekahi mau laʻana i ka talc a me ka mica.
Loaʻa i ka Kongo type D kahi ʻano mineralogical kūikawā ma nā wahi archaeological ʻekolu. ʻO Feldspar, ʻoi aku ka plagioclase, ua nui i loko o kēia ʻano ipu. - nā ʻāpana waiwai o ka hui ʻano ʻo Mbanza Kongo.
ʻO nā minelala koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia e ka petrographic analysis he quartz, feldspar, mica a me amphibole. ʻO nā ʻāpana pōhaku i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka metamorphic intermediate a kiʻekiʻe, igneous a me nā pōhaku sedimentary. i ka maikaʻi, me ka lakio o ka moku'āina matrix mai 5% a hiki i 50%.Tempered hua'ōlelo mai ka poepoe i ka angular me ka makemake ole orientation.
ʻElima lithofacies pūʻulu (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, a me PGe) ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka mineralogical. PGa pūʻulu: haʻahaʻa-specific tempered matrix (5-10%), fine matrix, me nā hoʻohui nui o nā pōhaku metamorphic sedimentary ( 5a);Pūʻulu PGb: ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe o ka tempered matrix (20%-30%), tempered matrix ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke ahi, ʻoi aku ka angular o nā kīʻaha wela, a ʻo nā pōhaku metamorphic waena a me ke kiʻekiʻe he kiʻekiʻe o ka silicate layered, mika a me ka nui. hoʻokomo pōhaku (Fig. 5b);Pūʻulu PGc: ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka matrix huhū (20 -40%), maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka huhū, liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i nā kīʻaha i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nui nā kīʻaha quartz, nā hakahaka planar i kekahi manawa (c ma Fig. 5);PGd pūʻulu: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa Tempered matrix (5-20​​​​%), me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pōhaku, nui ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka pōhaku, maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a me ke ʻano matrix maikaʻi (d ma Fig. 5);a me PGe pūʻulu: kiʻekiʻe o ka matrix tempered (40-50 %), maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka huhū, ʻelua ʻano nui o nā kīʻaha wela a me nā ʻano mineral like ʻole ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana (Fig. 5, e). micrograph of the petrographic group.Optical study of the samples led to strong correlations between type classification and petrographic sets, especially in samples from Kindoki and Ngongo Mbata (see Supplementary 4 for representative photomicrographs of the whole sample set).
Nā micrographs ʻike maka o nā ʻāpana ipu lepo o ke Aupuni Kongo;ka pilina ma waena o nā hui petrographic a me typological.(a) pūʻulu PGa, (b) pūʻulu PGB, (c) pūʻulu PGc, (d) pūʻulu PGd a me (e) pūʻulu PGe.
ʻO ka Kindoki Formation sample nā ​​papa pōhaku i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka PGa. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano Kongo A-type ua hoʻopili nui ʻia me nā lithofacies PGb, koe wale nō ka ʻano Kongo A-type sample NBC_S.4 Kongo-A mai Ngongo Mbata, ʻo ia ka pili i ka hui PGe i ke kauoha. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā Kongo C-type samples mai Kindoki a me Ngongo Mbata, a me Kongo C-type sample MBK_S.21 a me MBK_S.23 mai Mbanza Kongo no ka hui PGc. Akā naʻe, he mau Kongo Type C. Hōʻike nā laʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lithofacies ʻē aʻe. ʻO Kongo C-type samples MBK_S.17 a me NBC_S.13 hōʻike i nā ʻano kikokikona pili i nā pūʻulu PGe. ʻO Kongo C-type sample MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 a me MBK_S.14 i hoʻokumu i kahi hui lithofacies PGd hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ʻo Kongo C-type samples KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 a me KDK_S.25 loaʻa nā waiwai like me ka hui PGb. ʻO Kongo Type C sample MBK_S.14 hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he outlier ma muli o kona ʻano porous clast texture. Kokoke nā laʻana a pau o ka Pili ka Kongo D-type me ka PGe lithofacies, koe wale no ka Kongo D-type samples MBK_S.7 a me MBK_S.15 mai Mbanza Kongo, e hoike mai ana i ka nui o ka huhu me ka haahaa densities (30%), kokoke i ka PGc hui.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological e VP-SEM-EDS e hōʻike i ka māhele elemental a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka haku mele nui o kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻai. rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) a me perovskite neosilicates (garnet) . Hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ka magnesium i loko o ka Kindoki Formation a me Kongo A-type basins ma ke alo o ka talc a me ka magnesium clay minerals. E like me ka anamana'o elemental, pili nui ka feldspar grains i ka potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, a i kekahi manawa labradorite a me anorthite (Supplement). 5, Fig. S8–S10), aʻo nā ʻano amphibole he tremolite Pōhaku, actinite, i ka hihia o Kongo Type A sample NBC_S.3, pōhaku lau ʻulaʻula. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa maopopo i ka haku ʻana o ka amphibole (Fig.6) ma Kongo A-type (tremolite) a me Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite). Eia kekahi, ma ekolu archaeological sites, ilmenite grains i pili pili loa me ka D-type samples. , ʻAʻole kēia i hoʻololi i kā lākou mea hao-titanium maʻamau (Fe-Ti) hoʻololi (e nānā i ka Pākuʻi 5, Fig. S11).
ʻIkepili VP-SEM-EDS. He kiʻikuhi ternary e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano like ʻole o ka amphibole ma waena o Kongo Type A a me Kongo D tank ma nā laʻana i koho ʻia mai Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), a me Ngongo Mbata (NBC);nā hōʻailona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā hui ʻano.
Wahi a nā hualoaʻa XRD, ʻo ka quartz a me ka potassium feldspar nā minerala nui ma Kongo type C samples, aʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite a me tremolite nā ʻano o Kongo type A samples. , potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite a me actinite nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻano hōʻailona NBC_S.14 pū kekahi i ka ilmenite ʻai (Kākoʻo 5, Nā Kiʻi S12-S15).
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi XRF ma nā hōʻike hōʻike mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological e hoʻoholo ai i nā pūʻulu mea nui. Ua helu ʻia nā haku mele nui ma ka Papa 2. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka silica a me ka alumina, me ka nui o ka calcium oxide ma lalo o 6%. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka magnesium e pili ana i ka hikiʻana o ka talc, kahi i piliʻole i nā oxides o ke silicon a me ka alumini oxide. ʻO ka nui o ka sodium oxide a me ka calcium oxide i loko o ka mea e kūlike me ka nui o ka plagioclase.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona Kindoki Group i loaʻa mai ka pūnaewele Kindoki i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka magnesia (8-10%) ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka talc. ʻO nā pae o ka potassium oxide i kēia ʻano hui mai 1.5 a 2.5%, a me ka sodium (< 0.2%) a me ka calcium oxide. (< 0.4%) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa.
ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hao oxides (7.5-9%) kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā ipu Kongo A-type. ʻO Kongo type A samples mai Mbanza Kongo a me Kindoki i hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka potassium (3.5-4.5%). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka magnesium oxide (3). -5%) hoʻokaʻawale i ka hōʻailona Ngongo Mbata mai nā laʻana ʻē aʻe o ka pūʻulu ʻano like.Kongo ʻano A hāpana NBC_S.4 hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hao oxides, e pili ana me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana mineral amphibole.Kongo type A sample NBC_S. Ua hōʻike ʻo 3 i ka manaʻo manganese kiʻekiʻe (1.25%).
ʻO Silica (60-70%) ka mea i hoʻomalu i ka haku o ka Kongo C-type sample, kahi i pili i ka quartz content i hoʻoholoʻia e XRD a me ka petrography.Low sodium (< 0.5%) a me ka calcium (0.2-0.6%) mau mea iʻikeʻia. ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka magnesium oxide (13.9 a me 20.7%, kēlā me kēia) a me ka hao haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā MBK_S.14 a me KDK_S.20 mau laʻana e kūlike me nā mineral talc nui. a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka sodium, magnesium, calcium a me Iron oxide content. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka titanium dioxide (1.5%) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka laʻana Kongo Type C MBK_S.9.
Hōʻike nā ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele ʻana i nā ʻano Kongo Type D, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike silica haʻahaʻa a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), a me ka potassium oxide ma waena o 44% a 63% (1- 5%) ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o feldspar. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka titanium dioxide maʻiʻo (1-3.5%) i ʻike ʻia i kēia ʻano hui. .23 pili me ka magnesium oxide kiʻekiʻe, i kūlike me ka mana o ka amphibole. Uaʻikeʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka manganese oxide ma nāʻano Kongo D-type a pau.
Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili kumu nui i ka pilina ma waena o ka calcium a me ka hao iron oxides i loko o nā pahu Kongo type A a me D, i pili me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka sodium oxide. E pili ana i ka haku mele ʻana (Supplementary 6, Table S1), ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻano Kongo D-type. waiwai i ka zirconium me ka hoʻopili kūpono me ka strontium. ʻO ka ʻāpana Rb-Sr (Fig. 7) hōʻike i ka hui ma waena o strontium a me Kongo D-type tank, a ma waena o rubidium a me Kongo A-type tank. Ua pau nā mea ʻelua.
XRF data.Scatter plot Rb-Sr, nā laʻana i koho ʻia mai nā ipu hao aupuni o Congo, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hui ʻano. Hōʻike ka pakuhi i ka pilina ma waena o Kongo D-type tank a me strontium a ma waena o Kongo A-type tank a me rubidium.
Ua kālailai ʻia kekahi laʻana mai Mbanza Kongo e ICP-MS no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka trace element a me ka haku mele ʻana, a no ke aʻo ʻana i ka māhele ʻana o nā ʻano REE ma waena o nā pūʻulu ʻano. ʻO nā laʻana a me nā ʻano Kongo Type D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, a me MBK_S.25 he waiwai i ka thorium. Hōʻike nā kini A-type Kongo i ka nui o ka zinc a hoʻonui ʻia i ka rubidium, ʻoiai ʻo Kongo D-type hiki ke hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. o ka strontium, e hōʻoia ana i nā hualoaʻa XRF (Supplementary 7, Nā Kiʻi S21-S23). ʻO ka La / Yb-Sm / Yb e hōʻike ana i ka pilina a me ka hōʻikeʻana i ka lanthanum kiʻekiʻe ma ka Kongo D-tank sample (Figure 8).
ICP-MS data.Scatter plot of La/Yb-Sm/Yb, i koho ʻia mai ka Congo Kingdom basin, color-coded by type group.Kongo Type C sample MBK_S.14 is not depicted in the figure.
Hōʻike ʻia nā REE i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e NASC47 ma ke ʻano o ka spider plots (Fig. 9). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele māmā (LREEs), ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hōʻailona mai Kongo A-type a me D-type tanks.Kongo Type C ʻO ke anomaly europium maikaʻi ke ʻano o ke ʻano Kongo D, a ʻo ka anomaly cerium kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano o ke ʻano Kongo A.
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua nānā mākou i kahi pūʻulu seramika mai ʻekolu mau wahi archaeological o ʻApelika Waena e pili ana i ke Aupuni Kongo no nā hui typological like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hui Jindoki a me Kongo. ma ka Jinduomu archaeological site.The Kongo group—types A, C, and D—loa'a i loko o ekolu archaeological sites simultaneously.The history of King Kong Group can be traced back to the government period.It represents a era of connecting with Europe and exchange nā waiwai i loko a ma waho o ke Aupuni Kongo, e like me ia no nā kenekulia. Ua loaʻa nā manamana lima o ka haku mele mele a me ka pōhaku me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala multi-analytical. ʻO kēia ka manawa mua i hoʻohana ai ʻo Central Africa i kēlā ʻaelike.
Kuhi ʻia nā manamana lima o ka hui Kindoki Group i nā huahana Kindoki kūʻokoʻa. Ua pili paha ka hui Kindoki i ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Nsondi i mokuʻāina kūʻokoʻa o ka Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. ʻO ka hele ʻana o ka talc a me ka vermiculite (kahi huahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. o ka talc weathering) i loko o ka Hui Jinduoji e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea maka'āinana, no ka mea, aia ka talc i ka matrix geological o ka pūnaewele Jinduoji, ma ka Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona lole o kēia ʻano ipu i ʻike ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i ke kikokikona e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā mea maka.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Kongo A-type i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka haku mele ʻana i loko a i waena. ʻoi aku ka kūlike i ka lole, i kaha ʻia e ka mica paste. ʻAʻole like me Kongo type C, hōʻike lākou i nā mea kiʻekiʻe o ka feldspar, amphibole a me ka hao hao. , kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka amphibole actinolite.
Hōʻike pū ʻo Kongo Type C i nā loli i ka mineralogy a me ka haku mele a me nā hiʻohiʻona lole o nā kahua archaeological ʻekolu a ma waena o lākou. ma waho aʻe o nā tweak ʻenehana kūloko.
ʻO Kongo D-type pili loa i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka titanium oxides, i pili i ke alo o nā mineral ilmenite (Supplementary 6, Fig. S20) . 10), he haku mele like 'ole me ka kimberlite formations48,49. 'O ka noho 'ana o ka Cretaceous continental sedimentary pōhaku—he kumu o ka lua daimana waiho ma hope o ka pau ana o ka mua-Cretaceous kimberlite tubes42—a me ka Kimberlite kahua o Kimberlite i hōʻike 'ia ma Lower Congo43 manaʻo i ka ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻo Ngongo Mbata ākea paha ʻo Congo (DRC) Puna o nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana i ka ipu lepo D-type. Ua kākoʻo hou ʻia kēia e ka ʻike ʻana o ka ilmenite i loko o kahi laʻana Kongo Type A a me kahi ʻano Kongo Type C ma ka pūnaewele Ngongo Mbata.
VP-SEM-EDS data.MgO-MnO scatter plot, nā laʻana i wae ʻia mai Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) a me Ngongo Mbata (NBC) me nā hua ilmenite i ʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana i ka manganese-titanium ferromanganese e pili ana i ka noiʻi a Kaminsky a me Belousova. ʻO kaʻu (Mn-ilmenites).
ʻIke ʻia nā anomalies maikaʻi ʻo Europium ma ke ʻano REE o ka pahu Kongo D-type (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 9), ʻoi loa i nā laʻana me nā hua ilmenite i ʻike ʻia (e laʻa, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, a me MBK_S.24), pili paha me ka ultrabasic igneous. nā pōhaku i waiwai i ka anorthite a me ka mālama ʻana i ka Eu2 +. Hiki i kēia māhele REE ke wehewehe i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka strontium i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻano ʻano Kongo D-type (e nānā i ka Fig. 6) no ka mea, hoʻololi ka strontium i ka calcium50 i ka lattice mineral Ca. ʻO ka maʻiʻo lanthanum kiʻekiʻe (Fig. 8). ) a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā LREE (Fig. 9) hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā pōhaku igneous ultrabasic ma ke ʻano he kimberlite-like geological formations51.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona haku mele kūikawā o nā ipu ʻo Kongo D-shaped e hoʻopili iā lākou i kahi kumu kikoʻī o nā mea kūlohelohe maoli, a me ka like ʻana o ka haku mele ma waena o kēia ʻano, e hōʻike ana i kahi kikowaena hana kūʻokoʻa no nā ipu ʻano Kongo D. kikoʻī o ka haku mele ʻana, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka nui o ka nui o ka Kongo D ʻano hopena i nā ʻatikala seramika paʻakikī loa a hōʻike i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka waiwai maka a me ka ʻike ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i ka hana ʻana i ka pottery52. ʻO ka huahana e huli ana i kahi pūʻulu elite kikoʻī o nā mea hoʻohana35. E pili ana i kēia hana, ʻo Clist et al29 ke manaʻo nei he hopena paha ia o ka pilina ma waena o nā mea hana tile Pukiki a me nā potera Congolese, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēlā ʻike i ka wā o ke aupuni a ma mua.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻāpana mineral hou i hana ʻia i nā laʻana mai nā ʻano hui āpau e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ahi wela haʻahaʻa (<950 °C), ʻo ia hoʻi i ka laina me nā haʻawina ethnoarchaeological i mālama ʻia ma kēia wahi53,54. a ʻo ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele o kekahi mau ʻāpana ipu ma muli o ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o ke kī ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke ahi4,55. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina Ethnographic ma ia wahi i nā waiwai hana ma hope o ke ahi i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka ipu hao. pili me nā mea hoʻohana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kā lākou mea hoʻonaninani.
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka calcium i loko o nā laʻana, ka nele o nā carbonates a / a i ʻole kā lākou mau ʻāpana mineral hou i hoʻokumu ʻia e pili ana i ke ʻano non-calcareous o nā ceramics57. He mea hoihoi nui kēia nīnau no nā laʻana waiwai talc (ka nui o Kindoki Group a Kongo Type C basins) no ka mea, aia ka carbonate a me ka talc i loko o ka hui carbonate-argillaceous kūloko-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.The intentionally sourcing of some types of raw materials from the same geological formation demonstrates advanced technical knowledge related to the ʻano kūpono ʻole o nā pālolo calcareous ke puhi ʻia i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka haku mele a me nā ʻano pōhaku o ka ipu hao o Kongo C, ʻo ke koi kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kuke ua ʻae iā mākou e kau i ka hana ʻana o Kongo C pottery ma ke kaiāulu. Hōʻike nā hōʻailona C-type i kahi kekelē o ka hana ʻana i ka ipu lepo ma ke aupuni. Hōʻike ia i ke koho akahele o nā mea maka a me ka ʻike ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hana kūpono a kūpono hoʻi o ka Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58.Quartz tempering and calcium-free materials ʻo ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā mea maka e pili pū ana i nā pono hana ʻenehana.