Ke ʻike nei ka ʻoihana uhi honua i kahi neʻe nui ʻana i nā ʻano hana wai, i hoʻokele ʻia e nā lula koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni a me nā hopohopo e ulu ana. Ma ka puʻuwai o kēia hoʻololi ʻana, aia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pigments hana kiʻekiʻe, a ua puka mai ka ʻeleʻele kalapona ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā uhi wai me ke kala ʻeleʻele hohonu e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia kūikawā, a ma aneʻi kahi e komo ai ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻololi pāʻani.

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui o ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā uhi wai, ʻo ia kona hiki ke mālama i ka viscosity haʻahaʻa ʻoiai ma nā ukana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ʻeleʻele kalapona maʻamau, me kona ʻili kiʻekiʻe a me nā hui ʻili polar e like me ka carboxyl a me ka hydroxyl, e launa pū me nā molekala wai. Hoʻokumu kēia pilina i kahi pūnaewele e hiki ke pāpālua a pākolu paha i ka viscosity o ka uhi ma kahi ukana haʻahaʻa o 2-3%. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻololi ka ʻili kalapona haʻahaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants non-ionic e like me nā alcohols ethoxylated. Hoʻemi kēia hoʻololi i ka pilina ma waena o ka wai a me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻili o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, me kahi hiki ke zeta maʻamau mai -20 a -30 mV (i ana ʻia ma o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mālamalama electrophoretic). ʻO ka hopena, ua pale ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pūnaewele, e hōʻoia ana i kahi ʻano uhi maʻalahi a kūlike.

ʻO kahi laʻana maoli mai kahi mea hana uhi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻike ana i ka pono o ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. I ka hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻana i loko o kahi uhi hoʻolālā acrylic wai ma ka hoʻouka ʻana he 2.5%, ua noho ka mānoanoa o ka uhi ma 350-400 cP (Brookfield, 60 rpm). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka uhi like me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona maʻamau he viscosity o 800-900 cP. Ua unuhi ʻia kēia emi nui ʻana o ka mānoanoa i ka noi ʻana o ka pulumu a me ka wili, me ka ʻili maloʻo e hōʻike ana i nā māka pulumu i ʻike ʻia a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka ʻili ʻalani.

He mea nui like nā ʻano kala i nā uhi ʻana, a hāʻawi ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa i ka hana kupaianaha ma kēia wahi. Me ka ikaika hoʻoluʻu kiʻekiʻe, maʻamau 100-110% e pili ana i ka ʻeleʻele kalapona maʻamau (i ana ʻia ma o ASTM D2805), hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka ʻeleʻele hohonu ma nā ukana haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka ukana o 2-2.5% ua lawa ia e hiki ai i kahi waiwai L* o ≤12 (CIE Lab), e hoʻokō ana i nā koi aesthetic o nā uhi hale a me nā ʻoihana. ʻO ka hoʻolaha liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa, maʻamau ma ka pae o 20-30 nm, e hōʻoia i ke kala like me ka ʻole o nā leo i makemake ʻole ʻia, e pale ana i nā kala ʻeleʻele a polū paha e hiki ke hana me nā papa ʻeleʻele kalapona kūlike ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo wikiwiki ʻana i ka wā (ASTM G154) ʻo nā uhi acrylic wai-based i loaʻa ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa e mālama i 80% o ko lākou kala mua (ΔE ≤2) ma hope o 2000 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā uhi me nā pigments ʻeleʻele organik, e mālama wale ana i 60% o ko lākou kala. ʻO kēia kūpaʻa kūikawā i ka wā e hoʻolilo ai i ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa i koho kūpono no nā uhi wai o waho, e like me nā pena paia o waho a me nā ala hao.

I ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, he mea nui ka kaohi maikaʻi a me ke kākoʻo loea. Loaʻa nā māka kūikawā i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia no nā kemika uhi like ʻole. Mālama kēia mau māka i nā waiwai kino kūlike, me kahi ʻili BET o 200-240 m²/g, kahi waiwai omo DBP o 90-100 cm³/100g, a me ka pH kūlike o 6.5-7.5 e pale aku i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka uhi. ʻO ka kaohi ikaika ʻana i ka ʻike metala kaumaha, me ke kēpau ≤0.0005% a me ka arsenic ≤0.0003%, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni honua e like me LEED a me Eurofins.

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka Logistics i ke kaulahao hoʻolako o ka ʻeleʻele kalapona haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻeke wai-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (25 kg/ʻeke) e hoʻomaʻalahi i ka hoʻopuehu maʻalahi ʻana i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai, e hoʻopau ana i ka pono e wehe i nā ʻeke a hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka lepo a me ka haumia. No ka hana nui ʻana, loaʻa nā ipu nui 500 kg i lako me nā valve hoʻokuʻu lalo no ka hānai ʻakomi. Me kahi pūnaewele hoʻouna honua e uhi ana i nā kikowaena hana uhi nui ma ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, a me ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo nā manawa hoʻouna mai 12-25 mau lā. Hāʻawi ka hui ma hope o ke kūʻai aku i ke kākoʻo ma ka pūnaewele.