ʻO nā pigment hao oxide, nā mea hoʻoluʻu inorganic kaulana, he nui nā noi ma nā ʻoihana he nui. I ke kūkulu ʻana, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lākou i ke kala ʻana i ka sima, nā piliki, a me ka asphalt. Inā paha he ʻulaʻula mahana o nā piliki hoʻonaninani a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​leo lepo o nā alanui hele wāwae, hoʻonui kēia mau pigment i ka nani o ka ʻike me ka hāʻawi pū ʻana i ka pale mai ka wā ʻino.

Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana palakiko ka pōmaikaʻi mai kēia mau pigments, e hoʻohana ana iā lākou e kala i nā mea āpau mai nā mea hale a i nā ʻāpana ʻoihana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka paʻa o ke kala ʻoiai ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī. Eia kekahi, hilinaʻi nā ʻīnika, nā mea hoʻonani, a me nā lako hana kiʻi i nā pigments hao oxide. ʻO ko lākou non-toxicity e kūpono ai lākou no nā mea hoʻonani, ʻoiai i ke kiʻi, hāʻawi lākou i nā mea pena kiʻi me nā waihoʻoluʻu paʻa a ʻālohilohi no nā kiʻi pena a me nā kaha kiʻi.