Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pigment hao oxide i nā uhi, nā pena, a me nā ʻīnika ma muli o ko lākou ʻawaʻawa ʻole, ʻaʻole kahe koko, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, a me ka hiki ke hana i nā ʻano aka like ʻole. Hana ʻia nā uhi me nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā pigment, nā mea hoʻopiha, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā mea hoʻohui. Ua ulu aʻe ia mai nā uhi ʻaila a i nā uhi resin synthetic, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā uhi like ʻole ke hana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā pigment, ʻoiai nā pigment hao oxide, i lilo i ʻano pigment pono ʻole i ka ʻoihana uhi.

ʻO nā pigment hao oxide i hoʻohana ʻia i nā uhi ʻana, ʻo ia ka melemele hao, ka ʻulaʻula hao, ka ʻeleʻele hao, ka ʻeleʻele hao, ka ʻokepa hao mika, ka melemele hao moakaka, ka ʻulaʻula hao moakaka, a me nā huahana translucent, ʻo ka ʻulaʻula hao ka mea nui loa i ka nui a me ka laulā.
He kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi loa ka hao ʻulaʻula, ʻaʻole ia e loli ke kala ma 500 ℃, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e loli kona ʻano kemika ma 1200 ℃, e lilo ia i mea paʻa loa. Hiki iā ia ke omo i ka spectrum ultraviolet i ka lā, no laila he hopena pale kona ma ka uhi ʻana. He kūpaʻa ia i nā waikawa dilute, alkalis, wai, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, e lilo ia i kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka wā.

ʻO 0.2 μ M ka Granularity o ka ʻulaʻula hao oxide, nui nō hoʻi ka ʻili kikoʻī a me ka omo ʻana o ka ʻaila. Ke piʻi ka Granularity, neʻe ke kala mai ka ʻulaʻula poni, a lilo ka ʻili kikoʻī a me ka omo ʻana o ka ʻaila i mea liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻulaʻula hao i nā uhi anti-rust me ka hana anti-rust kino. ʻAʻole hiki i ka makū i ka lewa ke komo i loko o ka papa metala, a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka mānoanoa a me ka ikaika mechanical o ka uhi.
Pono ka paʻakai wai hoʻoheheʻe hao ʻulaʻula i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pena anti-rust e haʻahaʻa, he mea maikaʻi ia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana anti-rust, ʻoiai ke piʻi aʻe nā ion chloride, maʻalahi ka wai e komo i loko o ka uhi, a i ka manawa like, hoʻolalelale hoʻi i ka pala o ka metala.

He ʻeha loa ka metala i ka waikawa, no laila ke emi ka waiwai PH o ka resin, pigment a i ʻole ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka pena ma lalo o 7, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pala o ka metala. Ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka lā, ua maʻalahi ka uhi ʻana o ka pena hao ʻulaʻula i ka pauka ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka hao ʻulaʻula me ka Granularity liʻiliʻi e pauka wikiwiki ana, no laila pono e koho ʻia ka hao ʻulaʻula me ka Granularity nui aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka wā, akā maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻemi i ka ʻōlinolino o ka uhi.

ʻO ka loli ʻana o ke kala o ka topcoat ma muli o ka flocculation o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā ʻāpana pigment. ʻO ka palupalu maikaʻi ʻole o ka pigment a me ka nui o nā mea hoʻomaʻū pinepine nā kumu no ka flocculation. Ma hope o ka calcination, loaʻa i ka pigment kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi i ka flocculation. No laila, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ke kala like a kūlike o ka topcoat, he mea kūpono ke koho i ka synthesis pulu o ka hao ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka ʻili uhi i hana ʻia me ka hao ʻulaʻula crystalline i ke ʻano nila he mea maʻalahi ia i ka mercerization, a ʻike ʻia nā kaha i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka pena ʻana mai nā kihi like ʻole, me nā ʻano kala like ʻole, a pili i nā ʻōkuhi refractive like ʻole o nā kristal.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huahana kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka density o ka ʻulaʻula hao synthetic, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka Granularity, ʻoi aku ka maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hūnā ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka omo ʻana o ka ʻaila a me ka mana kala ikaika. I kekahi mau ʻano pena, ua kaʻana like ʻia ka ʻulaʻula hao oxide kūlohelohe me nā huahana synthetic, e like me ka alkyd primer ʻulaʻula hao oxide i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻili Ferrous e like me nā kaʻa, nā mīkini a me nā mea hana.