ʻO ka graphite he allotrope o ka kalapona elemental, kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia kēlā me kēia kalapona kalapona e ʻekolu mau ʻātoma kalapona ʻē aʻe (i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi kumu honeycomb like me nā hexagons lehulehu) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana i nā molekala covalent.

Loaʻa i ka Graphite nā waiwai kūikawā ma muli o kāna hana kūikawā:

1) Ke pale wela kiʻekiʻe: ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ka graphite ʻo 3850 ± 50 ℃, a ʻo ka helu hoʻolapalapa he 4250 ℃.ʻOiai ma hope o ka puhi ʻia ʻana e kahi arc wela kiʻekiʻe loa, liʻiliʻi loa ka pohō kaumaha, a liʻiliʻi loa ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela.Hoʻonui ka ikaika o ka graphite me ka mahana, a ma 2000 ℃, pālua ka ikaika o ka graphite.

2) Conductivity a me thermal conductivity: ʻO ka conductivity o ka graphite he hoʻokahi haneli mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mineral non-metallic maʻamau.ʻOi aku ka hoʻoili wela ma mua o nā mea metala e like me ke kila, hao, a me ke kēpau.Hoʻemi ka conductivity thermal me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, a ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa, lilo ka graphite i mea insulator.Hiki i ka graphite ke hoʻokele i ka uila no ka mea, ʻo kēlā me kēia kalapona kalapona i loko o ka graphite wale nō e hana i ʻekolu mau paʻa covalent me nā ʻātoma kalapona ʻē aʻe, a paʻa mau kēlā me kēia kalapona kalapona i hoʻokahi electron manuahi e hoʻololi i nā uku.

3) Lubricity: ʻO ka hana lubrication o ka graphite e pili ana i ka nui o nā flakes graphite.ʻO ka nui o nā flakes, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka friction coefficient, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana lubrication.

4) Paʻa kemika: He kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi ka Graphite i ka mahana o ka lumi, a hiki ke kū i ka waika, alkali, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe.

5) Plasticity: He ʻoʻoleʻa maikaʻi ka graphite a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ʻāpana lahilahi.

6) Ke kū'ē i ka ha'alulu wela: Hiki i ka Graphite ke pale i nā loli wela nui me ka pō'ino ke ho'ohana'ia ma ka lumi wela.Ke loli koke ka mahana, ʻaʻole e loli nui ka leo o ka graphite a ʻaʻole e pohā.

Hoʻohana:
1. Hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea refractory: ʻO ka graphite a me kāna mau huahana nā waiwai o ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i ka ʻoihana metallurgical e hana i nā crucibles graphite.I ka hana kila, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka graphite ma ke ʻano he mea pale no nā mea kila a ma ke ʻano he lining no nā kapuahi metallurgical.

2. E like me ka conductive mea: hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka uila 'oihana e hana electrodes, brushes, kalapona koʻokoʻo, kalapona paipu, maikaʻi electrodes no ka mercury rectifiers, graphite gaskets, kelepona'āpana, ka uhi no ke kīwī paipu, etc.

3. Ma keʻano he lubricating mea pale lole: Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ka Graphite ma keʻano he lubricant i kaʻoihana mechanical.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka aila lubricating ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai hiki ke hana i nā mea paʻa graphite me ka ʻole o ka lubricating aila i nā wikiwiki sliding kiʻekiʻe i nā mahana o 200-2000 ℃.Nui nā mea e lawe ana i ka media corrosive e hoʻohana nui i nā mea graphite e hana i nā kīʻaha piston, nā apo sealing, a me nā bearings, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohui i ka aila lubricating i ka wā o ka hana.He lubricant maikaʻi nō hoʻi ka emulsion graphite no nā hana metala he nui.
4. He paʻa kemika maikaʻi ka graphite.Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka graphite i hana ʻia, me nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity maikaʻi, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā pahu hopena, condensers, nā hale kiaʻi puhi, nā hale kiaʻi absorption, coolers, heaters, filters, a me nā lako pahū.Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻoihana e like me ka petrochemical, hydrometallurgy, acid-base production, synthetic fibers, a me ka hana pepa, hiki iā ia ke mālama i ka nui o nā mea metala.

ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o ka graphite impermeable i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma muli o nā resins ʻokoʻa i loko.ʻO nā impregnators resin Phenolic he kūpaʻa ʻakika akā ʻaʻole kūpaʻa alkali;ʻO ka Furfuryl alcohol resin impregnators he waika a me ka alkali.ʻOkoʻa ka pale wela o nā ʻano like ʻole: hiki i ke kalapona a me ka graphite ke kū i ka 2000-3000 ℃ i kahi ea hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a hoʻomaka i ka oxidize ma 350 ℃ a me 400 ℃ i kahi ea oxidizing, kēlā me kēia;ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o ka graphite impermeable me ka mea hana impregnating, a he mea maʻamau ka wela i lalo o 180 ℃ ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka phenolic a i ʻole furfuryl alcohol.

5. Hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻolei ʻana, ka huli ʻana o ke one, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, a me nā mea metallurgical wela kiʻekiʻe: Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻonui wela o ka graphite a me kona hiki ke kū i nā loli i ka wikiwiki a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mold no nā aniani.Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphite, hiki i ka metala ʻeleʻele ke loaʻa nā hoʻoheheʻe me nā ana kikoʻī, ka ʻili maʻemaʻe, a me nā hua kiʻekiʻe.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka hana liʻiliʻi, pēlā e mālama ai i ka nui o ka metala.Hoʻohana maʻamau nā mea hana graphite e hana i nā waʻa seramika no ka paʻi ʻana a me ka sintering.ʻO ke kīʻaha ulu kristal, pahu hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūloko, mea kākoʻo, induction heat, etc. o ke silikoni monocrystalline ua hana ʻia mai ka graphite maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka graphite ma ke ʻano he graphite insulation board a me ke kumu no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka vacuum, a me nā ʻāpana e like me ke kiʻekiʻe-mehana kūpaʻa puʻupuʻu umu, nā koʻokoʻo, nā papa, a me nā grids.

6. Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka ʻoihana ikehu atomic a me ka ʻoihana pale aupuni: Loaʻa i ka Graphite nā mea hoʻoponopono neutron maikaʻi loa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā reactors atomic, a ʻo nā uranium graphite reactors kekahi ʻano hoʻohana nui o ka atomic reactor.ʻO ka mea deceleration i hoʻohana ʻia i nā reactors atomic no ka mana e loaʻa i kahi helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion, a hiki i ka graphite ke hoʻokō pono i nā koi i luna.He kiʻekiʻe loa ke koi maʻemaʻe no ka graphite i hoʻohana ʻia i nā reactors atomic, a ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haumia ma mua o ka nui o nā PPM.ʻO ka mea nui, pono ka liʻiliʻi o ka boron ma mua o 0.5PPM.I ka ʻoihana pale aupuni, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka graphite e hana i nā nozzles no nā pōhaku wahie paʻa, nā cones ihu no nā missiles, nā ʻāpana no nā lako hoʻokele lewa, nā mea insulation, a me nā mea anti radiation.

7. Hiki i ka graphite ke pale aku i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paila.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻāpana pili ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi nui o ka pauka graphite (ma kahi o 4-5 grams no ke tona o ka wai) i ka wai hiki ke pale i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻili o ka paila.Eia kekahi, hiki i ka uhi graphite ma nā kapuahi metala, nā hale, nā alahaka, a me nā pipeline hiki ke pale i ka corrosion a me ka ʻōpala.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka graphite e like me ke alakaʻi penikala, ka puaʻa, a me ka mea hoʻonani.Ma hope o ka hana kūikawā, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka graphite e hana i nā mea kūikawā like ʻole no nā ʻāpana ʻoihana kūpono.